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Iran (Islamic Republic Of) » Key Facts

Location

Middle East.

Area

1,648,043 sq km (636,313 sq miles).

Population

65,400,000 (2007).

Population Density

39.7 per sq km.

Capital

Tehran. Population: 7.2 million (UN estimate 2003).

Government

Islamic Republic since 1979.

Geography

Iran is located in the Middle East, bordered to the north by Turkmenistan and the Caspian Sea, the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, and the west by Iraq and Turkey. The centre and east of the country are largely barren undulating desert, punctured by qanats (irrigation canals) and green oases, but there are mountainous regions in the west along the Turkish and Iraqi borders and in the north where the Elburz Mountains rise steeply from a fertile belt around the Caspian Sea.

Language

Persian (Farsi) and Persian dialects are the most widely spoken language, used by 58% of the population. Turkic and Turkic dialects and Kurdish are also used. Arabic is spoken by 1% in Khuzestan in the southwest, and Turkish in the northwest around Tabriz. English, French and (to a lesser extent) German are spoken by many businesspeople and officials.

Religion

Of the 98% Muslim population, 89% are Shi'a and 9% are Sunni. The remaining 2% consists of Christian, Jewish, Zoroastrian and Baha'i faiths.

Time

GMT + 3.5.

Social Conventions

Visitors should avoid contentious political subjects in conversation. In general, "liberal" Western influences are discouraged by authorities. Handshaking is customary, but not with members of the opposite sex. It must be remembered that intimate relations between non-Muslim men and Muslim women is illegal, and may incur imprisonment. Iranians are incredibly hospitable and like to entertain. It is customary to be offered tea, and guests are expected to accept hospitality. Dress should generally be conservative and discreet – women should cover their heads in public and wear loose clothing. During Ramadan, smoking, eating and drinking in public are prohibited between sunrise and sunset.

Electricity

230 volts AC, 50Hz. Plugs are of the round two-pin type.

Head of Government

President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad since June 2005.

Head of State

Supreme Leader (Rahbar-e Moazam) Grand Ayatollah Ali Hosseini Khameni since 1989.

Recent History

President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was Tehran’s ultra-conservative mayor before winning a run-off vote in elections in June 2005, becoming Iran’s first non-cleric president for 24 years. The conservatives also won decisively in the general election of March 2008.

Despite promising an administration of ‘peace and moderation’, Iran has continued its nuclear programme. The president caused controversy early into his presidency over his comments that Israel should be ‘wiped off the map’ and that the Holocaust was a ‘myth’.

US president George W Bush declared Iran part of the ‘axis of evil’ in 2002. Washington has accused Tehran of attempting to develop nuclear weapons and to sabotage US efforts in Iraq. Iran is building its first atomic power station with Russian help but it maintains that its nuclear ambitions are peaceful.

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Information in this section was last updated: Wed May 23 2012